M&A Report 2022: Costa Rica

Winds of change are now propelling tailwinds towards an increase in M&A activity, hopefully leaving behind the transactional slowdown reported through the Covid-19 years, which stretched deep into 2021. Economic and fiscal recovery factors acknowledged by the leading credit rating agencies, the decline of the COVID-19 crisis, strong foreign investment and diversification strategies by local and international companies are paving the way for more M&A transactions.

The notable trend of business groups selling off their companies – or partial shareholdings – to pursue the opening of family offices, or to develop local and regional growth with stronger international players, continues to grow. This has been an upward trend since 2020.

The expectation that M&A activity involving assets bound for optimization in an environment of change and new opportunities or that were under pressure or distress during the Covid-19 years, would increase, is becoming a reality. This is particularly relevant in the real estate and hospitality industries, amid a new “boom” in this sector in several hotspots of the Costa Rican coast and in the shifting work paradigm involving digital nomads.

Furthermore, multinational companies continue to be attracted to the development of highly specialised manufacturing (mainly in the medical devices sector) and shared services operations that are channelled through the Costa Rican Free Trade Zone Regime, leveraged by a skilled work force, a full business continuation record during the pandemic, and the country’s extensive network of free trade and tax treaties. Costa Rica is seeing an increase the set-up of new companies and operations that can be further strengthened as it becomes a beneficiary of “nearshoring” operations resulting from a recalibration of the global supply chain, given the ample advantages and solid track-record of mature operations of internationally renowned US and Canadian companies under the referred Free Trade Zone Regime. This promotes M&A activity as more targets are available for potential transactions that would involve a Costa Rican component.

We foresee that all these factors should fortify the country’s position as the main platform for penetrating the Central American and Dominican Republic region covered by the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) with the United States, all of which promote and contribute the increase of M&A activity derived from international transactions that involve operations under this set-up.

As reported in prior editions of this article, almost all M&A transactions concern privately held companies in Costa Rica. The reality of the market is that stock exchanges are incipient and very few companies are listed. Often, one point of connection is when a public company listed abroad gets into an M&A transaction, thereby involving a local subsidiary or branch, which are to a certain extent impacted by regulated market rules. Hence, the local component of the transaction is also subject to said rules.

The most common trend in M&A in Costa Rica is industry consolidation with a view to M&A-driven growth. This has notably been the case in the telecommunications, health, food & beverage and in general, retail businesses, along with strategic purchases for certain supply chains and facilities for the production and processing of raw materials. Technology and digital products companies are also being noticed and would be targets of M&A activity.

Transaction structures have been subject to corporate reorganisations, in view of updated fiscal regulations, stronger corporate governance (i.e., ESG models) and financial considerations, when implementing financial agreements and collateral arrangements.

“Industry consolidation, PE fund activity and opportunities in the acquisition of coveted assets, particularly for real estate development, will likely enhance Costa Rica’s deal flow in 2022”

Foreign private equity (“PE”) funds have increased activity, supported by a more open environment among local businessmen and entrepreneurs to sell their businesses to strive to be more competitive through M&A-driven growth. The other types of entities that have become active in the M&A market in the region are family offices or PE funds created by family groups that want to compete for the acquisition of attractive businesses. These family groups have previously sold their own businesses or disinvested out of operations that they acquired in the past as part of diversification strategies. As a result of those sales, fresh funds have been generated for investment in the acquisition of businesses outside their traditional core areas.

The major sources of examination in M&A deals going forward will be the impact that tax reforms will have on deal structuring, along with the recently enacted reform to the antitrust legislation, which strengthened antitrust controls and regulations. The new antitrust rules enable full ex-ante control of M&A transactions by the Anti-Trust Authority (Coprocom). These reforms will have a substantial effect on deal structures and deal implementation. The low approval thresholds for transactions set forth in the law will require that most deals be reviewed and approved by Coprocom, which raises questions concerning the necessary clearances, interpretation and application of the new legislations.

The main regulatory body for M&A transactions is Coprocom (Comisión para Promover la Competencia), which is regulated by the antitrust legislation contained in the Ley de la Promocion de la Competencia y su Reglamento (Law No. 7472), its amendments in Law No. 9736 (collectively, the Anti-Trust Act and its by-laws), and further rulings issued by Coprocom itself.

The other key legislation is the Costa Rican Commerce Code and its amendments and interpretations as to certain legal concepts or figures, by rulings of the civil courts and resolutions issued by the Costa Rican Tax Administration.

In November 2019, substantial and material amendments to the antitrust legislation came into effect. The main impacts are the required ex-ante approvals, the new reporting thresholds based on the value on the transaction and sales volumes taken together of the parties (or related parties) involved in the transaction, stronger powers for the regulator, and steeper penalties for breach of the regulations.

Covid-19 mainly impacted labour legislation, with Costa Rica relatively well-prepared in comparison to other countries. The authorities had enacted legislation regulating remote work and overtime in September 2019, making it the first country in the Central American region to do so, along with the possibility of suspending labour contract and allowing for shift variations.

During the pandemic, working remotely was not a government mandate but a recommendation for the private sector. To apply it, employers had to have a policy that regulated how the work-from-home alternative would be applied, along with written agreements signed by each employee setting forth the terms and conditions applicable to each case. Flexible policies have helped ease the impact of hybrid work models.

Further changes to the regulatory framework regarding M&A are likely to arise once Coprocom further interprets and applies the new antitrust regulation.

Common market practice misconceptions in Costa Rica concern the varying degree of understanding about the reach of the antitrust regulations, the application of the new tax regulations on deal structures, and the payment of a fiscal tax based on the value of a transaction.

Given the impact of the new tax legislation, parties to a transaction must prepare for tax planning structures that could require corporate reorganisations. Companies should also plan structures to secure successful entry and exit strategies and to include provisions to secure a successful post-closing and transition period. This includes plans for issues related to post-closing obligations that will facilitate full compliance with applicable regulations in general, as well as labour law provisions.

In terms of the incorporation of technology into legal practice, Costa Rica is increasingly absorbing and using certain tools in the form of artificial intelligence (AI) and bot automation, especially for due diligence procedures. These have changed the normal format and scope of traditional due diligence processes, with an emphasis on security, speed, accuracy and the presentation of information and findings in dashboards.

The Costa Rican Stock Market Regulatory Law (Law No. 7732) establishes in Article 36 that anyone who intends to acquire, directly or indirectly, in a single act or successive acts, a volume of shares or other securities of a public company – and thus achieve a significant participation in the share capital – must formulate a takeover bid (TOB) directed to all the shareholders of the target company.

Article 102 of the Regulation on the Public Offering of Securities defines “significant participation” as “a percentage equal to or greater than 25% of the outstanding and voting capital of the company”. When the bidder intends to reach a participation equal to or greater than 25%, but less than or equal to 50%, the offer must be made on a quantity of shares representing at least 10% of the share capital of the company. If the bidder’s intention is to reach a participation greater than 50%, the offer must be made for a number of shares that will allow the bidder to reach at least 75% of the share capital of the company.

The TOB must comply with several requirements listed in Article 107 of the Regulation on the Public Offering of Securities and must be submitted to previous authorisation before the General Superintendence of Securities (SUGEVAL), before going public.

When submitting for TOB authorisation, the bidder must prove to SUGEVAL that it has issued guarantees covering 100% of the offer.

On the other hand, the recent amendments to the Anti-Trust Act included a new Article 27, paragraph a), which mandates that SUGEVAL must notify Coprocom of any business combination in its knowledge that has “monopolistic tendencies” and that involves entities supervised by Financial Super-Intendency. In turn, Coprocom must send a copy of the notification to the National Supervisory Board of the Financial System (Conassif) and request information on the business combination. Conassif will determine if it can issue a final resolution to authorise the business combination or not. If Conassif considers that it should not issue the final resolution on the business combination, Coprocom will issue the resolution.

The trend in the Costa Rican market, leveraging off the expertise of more sophisticated investment bankers, has been to use mechanisms for setting the final purchase price, along with its allocation, disbursements, premiums, etc. Locked-box mechanisms and earn-outs have been used more frequently for certain transactions.

Escrow agreements to guarantee contingencies, and liabilities usually identified in a due diligence process, have become the norm in the drafting of the closing documents for an M&A transaction.

Moreover, warranty and indemnity (W&I) insurance is becoming more common at a regional level, but it is often used by certain transnational companies or sophisticated private funds.

The conditions for a private takeover usually involve obtaining shareholder and/or board of director approval pursuant to the articles of incorporation of the company. For certain transactions, parties must comply with the minority shareholder safeguards enacted by an amendment to the national Commerce Code of 2016. These safeguards require approval for a sale of the assets of the target.

It is a general standard practice to submit to buyer corporate resolutions issued in a Shareholders’ Assembly Meeting to approve an offer, as the Shareholders’ Assembly is the supreme organ of local companies (corporations and limited liability companies). Such resolutions are also required to complete a takeover transaction.

The general terms and conditions of the offer are generally standard and are contained in a letter of intent negotiated by the parties, subject to due diligence, price negotiations, warranty mechanisms, etc.

Moreover, the above-mentioned antitrust regulations are increasingly creating a need for pre-emptive analysis of the impact of the regulations on a potential transaction.

Choice of law and choice of forum provisions are common. It has become common practice to provide for foreign laws and/or jurisdictions in the agreements in the applicable law and dispute resolution clauses. Given that US companies are the most frequent participants in local M&A transactions, New York law has been widely selected as the applicable governing law, except for those matters that require the application of Costa Rican law (for instance disputes related to property, etc.).

The exit environment is certainly more limited than in other jurisdictions with developed capital markets. Local businessmen often aim to sell their operations to targeted companies, and in some cases – depending on the type of operation – to PE funds.

Industry consolidation, Costa Rica’s competitive advantages, PE fund activity and opportunities in the acquisition of coveted assets, particularly for real estate development and agribusiness, will be notable. As stated, we foresee more activity in the following industries: telecommunications, health, food & beverage, digital products, and in general, retail businesses, along with strategic purchases for certain supply chains and facilities for the production and processing of raw materials.

The legal practice continues to become more sophisticated, more attuned to international standards and more focused on key areas of M&A practice, including cross-border and local tax issues. Reacting to demand, a further trend in the legal practice has seen leading companies instil stronger corporate governance and compliance frameworks; particularly those following ESG models.

Investors and clients will continue to look for comprehensive multidisciplinary and business-oriented professionals to navigate the transactional waters, especially from legal advisors who work as team with other service-line professionals and who advocate and use digital resources to support their work.

Click here to read all the chapters from the IFLR M&A Report 2022

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Fernando Vargas-Winiker

Partner

EY Law

T: +506 2208 9800

E: fernando.vargas.winiker@cr.ey.com

About the author

Fernando Vargas-Winiker is a partner at EY Law in Costa Rica. He acts as a general corporate strategic counsel for transnational, regional and local companies doing business in Costa Rica and the rest of Central America.

Fernando focuses on cross-border corporate matters including M&A, joint ventures, corporate reorganisations, foreign investment and market entry issues, compliance and corporate governance. He also participates in structuring projects for energy generation, telecommunications and infrastructure, as well as in the set-up of manufacturing and shared services operations for global companies in Costa Rica under the Free Trade Zone Regime, including several Fortune 500 clients.

Fernando has been admitted to the Costa Rican Bar since 1995, holds an LLM degree from the Georgetown University Law Centre, is a Notary Public, and is recognised by several international publications as a highly-regarded and top-ranked practitioner, who is praised by clients for his knowledge, commitment to clients and responsiveness.