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The Hungarian Civil Code rules on mortgages and pledges were recently amended by Act XXVI of 1996. The Act was adopted by parliament on April 9 1996 and some provisions entered into effect on May 1 1996, but the remaining provisions take effect on May 1 1997. This briefing outlines the main changes.

The last 12 months have seen big changes in the Swedish legal market. Mid-sized firms in particular are taking strategic decisions to merge or make international links. Samantha Wigham reports

Under the merger control rules of the Austrian Cartel Act (ACA) a pre-closing filing is required if the combined turnover of all participating undertakings amounts to at least Sch3.5 billion (US$290 million), provided that the turnover of at least two undertakings involved in the merger is at least Sch5 million. Because Section 42a para 1 ACA does not qualify the term 'turnover' (Umsatz)in geographic terms, and because the preparatory documents of the Cartel Law Amendment Act confirm the irrelevance of the distinction between domestic and foreign turnover, the Austrian Cartel Court initially applied the threshold to worldwide turnover. From the outset the turnover thresholds for the pre-closing filing requirement under Section 42a para 1 of the ACA have been considered too low. Because the Austrian Cartel Court only applied fairly weak structural link and effects tests to limit the jurisdiction of the court with respect to 'foreign' mergers and business combinations, transactions with a negligible Austrian content were subject to the pre-closing filing requirement and the one-month waiting period provided for under Section 42b ACA.

Robert Mooney, general counsel and deputy chief administrative officer, Asia Pacific region, Merrill Lynch, talks to Richard Forster

Kramer, Levin, Naftalis & Frankel, New York, and Freshfields, London, are representing Tyco International, the world's largest manufacturer of fire and safety systems, in its US$5.6 billion merger with ADT, the largest provider of electric security services in North America. Davis Polk & Wardwell, New York, Appleby, Spurling & Kempe, Bermuda, and Allen & Overy, London, are advising ADT.

Beijing Datang Power Generation Company has listed on both the London and Hong Kong stock exchanges. It is the first Chinese company to have an equity listing in London. The share offer raised about US$400 million and was made possible by the signing last October of a Memorandum of Understanding by regulators and exchanges in the UK and China.

First Bank System of Minnesota is making an agreed US$8.7 billion all-share bid for US Bancorp. The merged bank will be known as US Bancorp, and will be the eighth-largest US bank by market capitalization. The deal highlights the trend towards geographic consolidation among US banks.

A team of associates from Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom's Beijing office has defected to Vinson & Elkins. The move halves Skadden's Beijing office, leaving two partners and three associates.

Russian gas company RAO Gazprom has obtained a US$2.5 billion credit facility, its first such facility without government guarantees and other public sponsoring. The loan is secured by proceeds from gas sales contracts with Western gas purchasers, and will finance sections of the Jamal pipeline. It is governed by German law and underwritten by an international consortium of banks lead managed by Dresdner Bank Group.

US company SBC Communications has completed its US$16.5 billion acquisition of the Pacific Telesis group. The merger creates the largest US provider of local telephone services, with a market value of US$47.9 billion. The merger was completed after approval from the California Public Utilities Commission.