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The Telecoms Authority of Singapore Act 1992 has been amended to give the Telecoms Authority additional powers to carry out its functions in a liberalized multi-operator environment, bring the Act up to date on changes in technology and new offences, and provide adequate penalties and enforcement measures to regulate telecom and postal licensees.

On May 14, the National/New Zealand First coalition government delivered its second budget. A NZ$2.8 billion (US$1.5 billion) government surplus was announced (well above the NZ$1.5 billion 1997-1998 forecast). However, the surplus for 1998-1999 is forecast to fall to NZ$1.3 billion. Other features of the budget were:

A judgment of a foreign court will not be recognized and enforced in Switzerland if it was made in disregard of a valid arbitration clause in place between the parties, as long as the defendant duly objects to the foreign court assuming jurisdiction, the Swiss Federal Tribunal recently ruled (Ruling 124 III 83).

The development of a well organized bond market depends on the controls guaranteeing the stability and correct functioning of the competitive mechanisms, the transparency of the determination of the prices and the protection of the saver-investor, among other things.

The new Act on Venture Capital Investments, Venture Capital Companies and Risk Investment Funds will come into force on June 16 1998.

The minister of economic affairs has proposed the establishment of a guarantee fund for contributors and investors in credit institutions. The proposed act, amending the 1995 act, incorporates the EU directive on investor guarantee funds. It will establish a joint regulation of guarantee schemes for contributors and investors in credit institutions including banks, mortgage credit institutions and stockbrokers. If any institution covered by the act becomes bankrupt, any cash deposits will consequently be covered up to Dkr300,000 (US$42,000) and security deposits will be covered up to Dkr150,000.

On April 2 1998, the House of Representatives passed the new Patent Law 16(1)/98. The main provisions of the new law which are significantly different from the old law are as follows:

The proposed cut of the 1.5% stamp duty payable on credits granted by Finnish credit institutions will effect major changes on credit granting. Under the government bill, stamp duty will no longer be levied on loan agreements and mortgages. The amendment is proposed to be retroactive, enabling creditors to proceed an action ex post facto for the stamp duty paid in connection with the granting of the loan if the loan agreement has been signed on or after April 29 1998.

When a railroad tank car explosion forced 1,000 residents of the New Orleans neighbourhood of Gentilly to evacuate their homes for 36 hours in 1987, the incident attracted little attention outside Louisiana. After all, there were no deaths and the residents did not suffer any serious damage or injuries. But 10 years later, after a New Orleans jury awarded US$3.4 billion in punitive damages against five companies found to be at fault, the case, In re New Orleans Train Car Leakage Fire Litigation, No. 97-CC-2547, suddenly captured the eye of the legal community and national media, earning itself the nickname 'The Great New Orleans Train Robbery'.

The Italian securities regulator, CONSOB, has established new conduct of business rules for EU-based firms providing investment services in Italy through a branch. By Piero Salera of Pavia e Ansaldo, Rome