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Brown & Wood, Blake Dawson Waldron, Allen Allen & Hemsley and Mallesons Stephen Jaques are all advising on Australia's first global bond issue which is backed by non-US mortgages. Australian bank Westpac lauched its US$1.4 billion offering on June 4 with ratings from Moodys, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch, the first time a bond issue has been rated by all three agencies.

Italy continues to attract foreign law firms with UK firm Ashurst Morris Crisp announcing a strategic alliance with Milan-based Negri-Clementi Montironi & Soci. The agreement, based on an equal relationship, involves reciprocal exclusive referrals. Ian Nisse, Ashurst's managing partner, says: "This alliance is strategically based and strongly client driven for both firms." Ashurst, with offices in Paris, Brussels and Frankfurt, is trying to build a pan-European partnership.

Together with the Federal Stock Exchange Act, of which the second part entered into force in January 1998, Article 161bis of the Swiss Criminal Code has been amended. Under this provision, any person who substantially influences the price of stock traded on the Swiss stock exchange with the intention of enriching him or herself or a third party, will be punished by imprisonment or a fine.

The double tax treaties executed between Portugal and Germany, Italy and Finland include a provision whereby a tax credit is granted to the residents of any of these countries if they obtain some elements of their income in Portugal where it is subject to tax but exempt. Relevant elements of income include the payment of interest and the payment of dividends.

English law distinguishes between fixed and floating charges. The essential distinction is that, unlike the holder of a fixed charge, on an insolvency the floating charge-holder ranks behind preferential creditors (consisting principally of the claims of the government for unpaid taxes and of employees for unpaid salary). For this and other reasons, the creditor of an insolvent company will usually try to establish a fixed charge over the relevant assets of the insolvent company.

On January 1 1998, new regulations of the National Securities Depository of KDPW (Krajowy Depozyt Papierow Wartosciowych) entered into force. These new regulations became necessary due to the new Public Trading and Securities Act, published on October 3 1997 and which entered into force at the beginning of the year (see International Financial Law Review, May 1998 page 58). The regulations of the National Securities Depository describe the basic conditions of the deposit and clearing procedures in the field of public securities trading.

A newly proposed Accounting Act is scheduled to be adopted by the Norwegian parliament before the summer break and to go into effect on January 1 1999. This will involve major changes to the financial year, dividend distribution and how assets are reported in mergers.

To reduce private expenditure and a growing balance of payments deficit, the Danish government has presented an economic constraint. The initiative includes a reduction of the interest allowance and increased taxation on real property.

Cyprus is not an offshore centre. An offshore centre has no double tax treaties and is not a signatory to international conventions. Moreover, it is used by wealthy individuals or international corporations for brass plate structures and for sheltering their wealth without tax liabilities.

In a recent judgement, the Dubai Court of Cassation gave a narrow interpretation to the obligations resulting from a personal guarantee of a revolving credit facility.