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On January 31 1998, the Promotion of Investments Law became effective with the aim of promoting domestic and inward investment. The equality of inward investment with domestic investments is now guaranteed by the government which takes responsibility for damages and ensures the free transfer of capital and profits (free convertibility is permitted by law).

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has announced that share buybacks will be made legal by the fourth quarter of 1998, following feedback from industry bodies and financial market participants. Companies will be permitted to repurchase shares on the market in round lots out of distributable profits at any time within the period mandated by shareholders. The proposed legislation, which will complement the provisions permitting capital reduction in the Singapore Companies Act, will provide appropriate safeguards to ensure that creditors' interests are preserved and to minimize abuse, while providing sufficient flexibility to companies.

Article 22 of Legislative Decree No. 58 (through which a unified text of rules on the financial markets has been approved) sets out basic principles on the segregation of patrimonies of financial intermediaries and clients.

Act No. CXII/1996 on credit institutions and financial enterprises permits the setting up of a centralized domestic electronic database. The passing on and/or accessing of database information on debtors by financial institutions and investment companies does not constitute a violation of banking secrecy. However, this database should not contain information on natural persons. The Act was amended with effect from January 1 1998; it is now permissible to store and provide information on natural persons. The difference between data on private persons and data on non-private persons is that information on private persons is limited to a 'blacklist', ie only those debtors are recorded who have not met their obligations within 90 days of the due date. On the other hand, debtors who are non-private persons are always registered as soon as they conclude a loan or quasi-loan agreement, irrespective of whether they are in default of payment.

A new Russian bankruptcy law became effective on March 1 1998 (Federal Law No. 6-FZ On Bankruptcy). Given the difficulties being experienced by the Russian economy and the precarious state of many enterprises, the new law may assume growing importance in the reform process. Under previous legislation, bankruptcies proved difficult to implement and only infrequently resulted in the liquidation or material restructuring of troubled debtors. Key improvements in the new law include a revised and more practical definition of bankruptcy; a wider list of actors who may start bankruptcy proceedings; and new and more detailed procedures governing the activities of the courts, creditors and manager/trustees in connection with bankruptcy.

A possible amendment to the Act on Building Societies (Ustawa o kasach oszczednosciowo-budowlanych) seriously threatens the development of the newly established Polish building societies.

New regulations on netting agreements governing financial transactions related to derivative instruments have been passed as an additional provision to a law customarily enacted at the same time as the approval of the budget for the following year. That law, which came into force on January 1 1998, added a new section to a 1994 law on the Second Banking Directive.

Despite resistance from rivals and internal opposition, Lagerlöf & Leman has chosen European integration over independence. Nick Ferguson reports from Stockholm on a market divided by Lagerlöf’s vision for European legal services

A group of 15 lawyers who left Swedish law firm Lagerlöf & Leman because of its association with UK firm Linklaters & Paines are now the country's highest billing lawyers. Partners at Hammarskiöld & Co in Stockholm brought in on average Skr 9.6 million (US$1.17 million) per partner, almost twice that of the partners at their previous firm, according to figures published in the Swedish business newspaper Affärs Världen. In July, Lagerlöf & Leman, along with three other members of the Alliance, entered into an association with Linklaters. The new grouping, Linklaters & Alliance, includes Oppenhoff & Rädler in Germany, De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek in the Netherlands and De Bandt van Hecke & Lagae in Belgium.

US telecommunications company AT&T and British Telecommunications (BT) are embarking on a joint venture which is expected to make US$11 billion in annual revenue. The companies aim to increase their presence in the multinational telecoms market. Advising AT&T is Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz, New York. The team of lawyers includes partners Steven Rosenblum (corporate), Richard Katcher (corporate), Stephanie Seligman (corporate), Adrienne Atkinson (corporate), Peter Canellos (tax), Jodi Schwartz (tax) and Ilene Gotts (antitrust).