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Credit derivatives are contracts intended to transfer credit risk on loans, bonds and other assets (the underlying assets) from the protection buyer to the protection seller. Under these contracts, the payment or other obligations of the protection seller are triggered by credit events affecting the reference asset.

Since mid-1997, Hungarian legislation has imposed taxes on money transfers in cash so that cash payments made by companies over a certain sum (about Ft1.2 million (US$5.454 million)) entail various tax disadvantages. In an attempt to curtail cash payments, Hungary intended, on the one hand, to encourage non-cash money transfers common throughout Europe and, on the other hand, to gain greater control over the so-called black market.

ING Group has purchased a leading stake in German bank BHF-Bank. The deal, which is worth DM 2.5 billion ($1.4 billion), involved a number of separate transactions through which ING increased its holding of BHF-Bank shares from 4.5% to 39%. ING is now the largest single shareholder of BHF-Bank. The transaction was completed on September 14. Final completion of the acquisition is dependent on gaining the consent of the regulatory authorities. The shares were sold by Allianz, DG Bank and Münchener Rück.

Opportunities exist within the Arabian Gulf states for equity investment in large projects. But the creation of bankable project structures requires effective security over project assets. By Martin Amison of Trowers & Hamlins, London

UK firms Herbert Smith and Freshfields have been hired to represent electric companies in a recent £2.7 billion ($4.38 billion) merger. Scottish Hydro-Electric, and Southern Electric announced their merger on Tuesday, September 1. The companies are the only two privatized regional electricity suppliers not to have been involved in a takeover or merger. Scottish Hydro-Electric, which operates chiefly as a generator, has the controlling stake, in line with its larger market capitalization. The merged groupwill be called Scottish and Southern Energy and will be based in Scotland.

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has announced measures to relax the restrictions on the use of the Singapore dollar while adhering to its basic policy of not encouraging the internationalization of the Singapore dollar.

Though the word privatization is still not in the official lexicon, China’s latest moves to retreat from state-owned enterprise and invite private investment offer privatization opportunities to brave foreign investors. By Jingzhou Tao of Coudert Brothers, Beijing

Though the country’s equitization process in theory dates to 1987, Vietnam is only now passing some of the necessary framework legislation. The process should begin to accelerate. By Damian Clowes and Eric Sedlak of Deacons Graham & James, Ho Chi Minh City and Singapore

Under Article 22 of Legislative Decree No. 58 of February 24 1998, securities and cash belonging to third parties and held for whatever purpose by investment firms or by financial intermediaries and banks, constitute an autonomous patrimony separate from that of the intermediary and from those of other clients. No attachment by or on behalf of creditors of the intermediary, as well as by or on behalf of creditors of a possible depository or sub-depository, can be levied on the patrimony.

UK firm Clifford Chance is advising on the UK government's plans to raise finance for the Channel Tunnel rail link. Andrew Taylor, capital markets partner at Clifford Chance, is legal counsel to the UK investment bank Schroders, the financial advisers to the government. The government put forward proposals to the markets last week for a three tranche bond. In total the government plans to issue £2.65 billion (US$4.3 billion) of bonds with maturities of 12 years, 30 years, and between 30 and 40 years.