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New York-based LeBoeuf Lamb Greene & MacRae has announced the opening of two new foreign offices, in Paris and Sao Paulo. In Paris, LeBoeuf has taken over the French practice of Donovan Leisure Newton & Irvine. Donovan has been struggling for survival since Californian rival Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe poached two-thirds of its lawyers in April, after an unsuccessful attempt to merge. James Johnson, managing partner of LeBoeuf's London office comments: "Donovan's disruption provided us with a great opportunity to get a fine office, already familiar with an American firm, and lawyers which many of us already knew." Former Donovan partners René de Monseignat, Alain de Foucaud and Reid Feldman have been made partners in LeBoeuf, with Laurent Moury and Olivier Laude joining as counsel. US partner Douglas Hawes will move to Paris to organize the integration of the office into LeBoeuf's international network. The office will also have eight associates and it will maintain its specialization in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Deputy managing partner of the office, Alain de Foucaud, explains: "LeBoeuf is an important firm with a solid reputation in the US, and was willing to expand across Europe and internationally. The team of avocats has worked together for the past three years and we wanted to keep it intact and preserve our culture. It is easier this way because there are fewer changes both for the clients and for our lawyers." In Sao Paulo, local firm Tavares Guerreiro Advogados has affiliated with LeBoeuf.

New legislation in Australia removes doubts as to the enforceability of netting in insolvency. It should boost local financial institutions. By John Stumbles and Edward Kerr of Mallesons Stephen Jaques, Sydney

On June 4 1998, Commissioner Karel Van Miert signed an agreement between the EU and the US on the application of positive comity principles in the enforcement of their competition laws. The Positive Comity Agreement provides that where a party is adversely affected by anti-competitive behaviour in the other's territory, it may request that other party to take appropriate action. The Agreement also provides that the parties may agree that the party requesting enforcement will defer or suspend its enforcement proceedings over the anti-competitive practice while it is investigated by the other party.

Together with the Federal Stock Exchange Act, of which the second part entered into force in January 1998, Article 161bis of the Swiss Criminal Code has been amended. Under this provision, any person who substantially influences the price of stock traded on the Swiss stock exchange with the intention of enriching him or herself or a third party, will be punished by imprisonment or a fine.

A non-US court applying the non-US law governing a swap contract may not recognize a restraining notice served by a creditor as a defence to payment. By Mark P Zimmett from the Law Offices of Mark P Zimmett, New York

The Court of Appeal has delivered a judgment of potentially major significance for auditors of group companies. The case arose from claims brought by the liquidators of three BCCI companies against their former auditors, Price Waterhouse and Ernst & Whinney. The Court held that the auditors of the holding company and of one operating subsidiary could owe a duty of care to another operating subsidiary of which they were not the appointed auditors.

The double tax treaties executed between Portugal and Germany, Italy and Finland include a provision whereby a tax credit is granted to the residents of any of these countries if they obtain some elements of their income in Portugal where it is subject to tax but exempt. Relevant elements of income include the payment of interest and the payment of dividends.

English law distinguishes between fixed and floating charges. The essential distinction is that, unlike the holder of a fixed charge, on an insolvency the floating charge-holder ranks behind preferential creditors (consisting principally of the claims of the government for unpaid taxes and of employees for unpaid salary). For this and other reasons, the creditor of an insolvent company will usually try to establish a fixed charge over the relevant assets of the insolvent company.

A newly proposed Accounting Act is scheduled to be adopted by the Norwegian parliament before the summer break and to go into effect on January 1 1999. This will involve major changes to the financial year, dividend distribution and how assets are reported in mergers.

In April 1998 the government submitted a bill to parliament regarding a reform of the Finnish Companies Act to enable the conversion to the euro in private and public limited companies during the transition period between January 1 1999 and December 31 2001 and set the rules governing the move to no par value (NPV) shares in limited companies.