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A rule of the Copenhagen Stock Exchange (CSE) required any shareholder who attained legal or de facto control over a listed company to offer to buy the other shareholders' shares on the same conditions that the controlling shareholder bought the shares to gain control of the company. The initial proposal for the Securities Trading Act (STA) also contained this rule, but when it was adopted by Parliament in 1995, the control necessary to trigger the requirement to make a purchase offer to other shareholders was limited to control obtained through a majority of votes in the company.

Royal Bank of Canada and Bank of Montreal have agreed to merge. In response to consolidation in the international banking sector the two banks will join to create North America's tenth largest bank by market capitalization (US$26.6 billion). Royal Bank's shareholders will own 54.9% of the new bank and Bank of Montreal's shareholders will own 45.1%. The transaction is being lawyered by three Canadian firms, two US and one UK. On the Canadian side McMillan Binch and Ogilvy Renault advise Royal Bank. Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt advise Bank of Montreal. US firms Sullivan & Cromwell and Simpson Thacher & Bartlett represent Royal Bank on US regulatory law. UK firm's Allen & Overy advise both sides on EU regulatory matters.

Bell Atlantic has launched a US$2.4 billion convertible bond. The five-year deal is the largest international equity-linked offering to date. Bell could not sell shares direct because of US regulations which prohibited an equity offering within two years of its merger with Nynex, the New York telephone company, last year. The bonds, which were distributed largely to non-US investors, will be exchangeable into Bell's 25% stake in New Zealand Telecom after 18 months. Davis Polk & Wardwell advised the lead managers, SBC Warburg. Davis Polk's team was led by capital markets partners Winthrop Conrad in New York and Sandy Whitman in London.

Compaq, the US computer manufacturer, is set to pay approximately US$9.6 billion for Digital Equipment Corporation, the supplier of networked computer systems, software and services. Upon completion, Digital will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Compaq. The transaction is the computer industry's largest to date. Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom represent Digital and Davis, Polk & Wardwell represent Compaq. Skadden Arps's team is headed by mergers and acquisitions specialist Joseph Flom and includes fellow mergers and acquisitions partners Roger Aaron, Louis Goodman and Howard Ellin; antitrust partners Benjamin Crisman, Michael Weiner and Barry Hawk; tax partner David Rievman and Stuart Alperin, a partner specializing in employee benefits and executive compensation.

Finland's two largest energy companies are to merge. Imatra Power, the state-owned power generator, will join with Neste Oy, the partially privatized oil company. After EU merger clearance, minority shareholdings will be transformed into shares in the new holding company, IVO-Neste Group. The company will have a combined turnover of approximately FIM55 billion (US$10 billion) and will list on the Helsinki stock exchange. Full privatization is likely to follow. The government holds stakes of 95.6% in IVO and 83% in Neste. Gasum, Nesté's natural gas joint venture with Gazprom, will not be included in the merged company. The Ministry of Trade and Industry and IVO-Neste have appointed Finnish firm Roschier-Holmberg & Waselius as legal adviser. The firm's team comprises partners Tomas Lindholm, head of the capital markets group, and Gunnar Westerlund, head of the tax group.

Federal Mogul, the global automobile parts manufacturer, announced on January 12 its plans to purchase Fel-Pro, a privately owned manufacturer, for US$720 million. The transaction includes US$225 million in common stock and US$495 million in cash. The deal will make the combined company a single source for engine-dealing systems, considered vital for auto-parts makers as the industry consolidates. Advising Federal-Mogul on all corporate aspects of the deal is Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, New York. Lead partner is M&A specialist William Groll. Also involved is the Chicago office of Baker & McKenzie, advising on tax issues. Representing Fel-Pro is Katten Muchin & Zavis, Chicago. Lead partner is corporate specialist David Shavitz.

Several deals have been signed this month following Boris Yeltsin's visit to Italy. Foremost among them is the Eni-Gazprom strategic alliance. Eni, Italy's partly privatized oil and gas group, signed a deal which should lead to direct investment of at least US$1 billion in Gazprom, the Russian gas monopoly. The alliance will also create a separate joint venture company focusing on the exploration and development of oil and gas fields in Astrakhan, southern Russia. Further talks may lead to a joint exploration, production and marketing effort in other countries. Last November Royal Dutch/Shell signed a similar agreement and invested US$1 billion in a Gazprom convertible bond. Eni confirmed that it is seeking to agree the basis on which it may also acquire an equity stake.

On January 1 1998 a new Competition Act (Mededingingswet) came into effect fitting competition and merger control in the Netherlands to European law standards.

Under Legislative Decree No. 239 of April 1 1996, payments of interest and any other proceeds from bonds issued by banks or companies whose shares are listed on Italian regulated markets, are not subject to withholding or deduction. Under the Decree, payments are made to a legal entity resident in Italy (with certain exclusions) or to non-Italian-resident legal entities/individuals.

In December 1997, the Ministry of Finance released its draft for a government bill on flagging rules. The draft proposal included, among other things, amendments to the thresholds triggering the flagging obligation.