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Since disposing of its oil interests in Ecuador in 1992, Texaco has faced a spate of lawsuits stemming from damages allegedly caused by decades of oil exploration and extraction activities carried out by a consortium company owned by the state-owned oil company, Petroecuador, and Texaco. In the US, these claims have been pressed in the federal courts through class actions brought in the name of Ecuadorean citizens seeking damages of US$1.5 billion and equitable relief consisting of a court-supervised clean-up of the affected areas in Ecuador. The first such suit, Sequiha v Texaco, started in Texas in August 1993, seeking damages for 500,000 Ecuadoreans, and was dismissed five months later on grounds of comity and forum non conveniens. The second, Aguinda v Texaco, was brought in November 1993 for a class of about 30,000 indigenous citizens. It continued through pre-trial discovery until November 1996, when the New York federal court dismissed the claims on the same grounds. However, the judge also based the dismissal on the failure to join two indispensable parties to the litigation — Petroecuador and the government of Ecuador — deemed necessary for the equitable portion of the case.

The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire has signed a restructuring agreement with its foreign commercial creditors providing for the repurchase and cancellation of 30% of the country's external commercial debt at a discount. The remaining 70% of the debt will be exchanged for partly secured bonds in dollars and French francs. The agreement covers US$6.8 billion of debt, and is the second of its kind to be completed in Africa.

"Three years ago we asked if they wanted to merge and they decided to stay on their own. But over the last few years they have decided that might have been the wrong decision," says Rene Stokman, chairman of Benelux firm Loeff Claeys Verbeke, of Dutch firm Buruma Maris's belated decision to accept a merger proposal. The merger solves a gap in Loeff's coverage, giving it a solid base in The Hague. "Opening there was always on our agenda, and a merger was the easiest way to do that," says Stokman. "It was just a problem of finding the right fit." He notes that the firms rarely meet in practice and so do not expect too many conflicts. Loeff is strong in company law, while Buruma specializes in property, intellectual property, administrative, labour, litigation and telecoms law. Stokman believes that Buruma's litigation practice is particularly attractive, partly because lawyers are admitted to the High Court and are therefore regarded as of the top rank.

New York's niche aviation, maritime and transport-related asset finance firm Haight, Gardner, Poor & Havens has agreed to a merger offer from Miami-based general practice firm Holland & Knight. "In the globalizing market you can no longer sit back and say we're Haight Gardner, we're the best in aviation, shipping and asset finance. That's not enough any more," explains Brian Starer, chairman of the firm. "The client base needs broader-based services. We found more and more over the last few years that we had to pass on business such as IPOs to other firms," he continues. "We decided that when we were approached by a firm with a whole shopping cart full of services we should jump into their basket."

Greater transparency is being recognized as the key to identifying the trail of illicit funds in South America. By Rodolfo Gerardo Papa of Cárdenas, Cassagne & Asociados, Buenos Aires

The Amsterdam Treaty, to be signed in October, makes significant reforms but failed to answer the main questions of how to reach decisions in an enlarged EU. By Raymond O’ Rourke of Stanbrook and Hooper, Brussels

A recent case underlines the reluctance of UK courts to impose personal duties on directors of companies where there is economic loss but not personal injury. By David Kavanagh of Watson, Farley & Williams, London

The Hungarian parliament will shortly consider major company law reforms, setting more stringent financial criteria and modernizing other corporate requirements. By Zoltán Grmela of Gárdos, Benke, Mosonyi, Tomori, Budapest

By the end of fiscal 2000, a momentous series of reforms should have opened the Japanese financial markets. The government’s programme is reviewed by Naoaki Eguchi, Yasushi Murofushi and Jeremy Pitts of Tokyo Aoyama Law Office-Baker & McKenzie, Tokyo

A Presidential Decree has clarified the rules concerning foreign ownership of shares of RAO Gazprom, the world's largest natural gas producer (accounting for approximately one quarter of world production). Before the Decree, Gazprom's corporate charter had established a rule that no more than 9% of its shares could be owned by "foreigners or their affiliated persons or legal entities". However, there was no clear mechanism for enforcing the limit, and the definition of 'affiliated' remained murky. Gazprom also maintained the right to approve any sale of shares to foreigners, as well as a general right of first refusal to repurchase any shares sold by Russian shareholders (except that certain shares sold to Russian shareholders by auction were exempted from the latter rule).