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Private sector finance is increasing in France. But undertaking projects with local government will require foreign companies to bridge a cultural gap. By Jacques Bertran de Balanda and Gilles Heude of Clifford Chance, Paris

A recent case in New South Wales seems to have resolved the doubts surrounding the creation of fixed charges over receivables raised by Royal Trust Bank. By John Stumbles and Scott Farrell of Mallesons Stephen Jaques, Sydney

By the end of fiscal 2000, a momentous series of reforms should have opened the Japanese financial markets. The government’s programme is reviewed by Naoaki Eguchi, Yasushi Murofushi and Jeremy Pitts of Tokyo Aoyama Law Office-Baker & McKenzie, Tokyo

A Presidential Decree has clarified the rules concerning foreign ownership of shares of RAO Gazprom, the world's largest natural gas producer (accounting for approximately one quarter of world production). Before the Decree, Gazprom's corporate charter had established a rule that no more than 9% of its shares could be owned by "foreigners or their affiliated persons or legal entities". However, there was no clear mechanism for enforcing the limit, and the definition of 'affiliated' remained murky. Gazprom also maintained the right to approve any sale of shares to foreigners, as well as a general right of first refusal to repurchase any shares sold by Russian shareholders (except that certain shares sold to Russian shareholders by auction were exempted from the latter rule).

Saudi Consolidated Electricity Company in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia (SCECO-East) has borrowed up to US$500 million to finance part of the cost of construction of Ghazlan II, a 2400MW power plant. This is the first internationally syndicated secured financing for a Saudi Arabian public utility. Gulf International Bank acted as agent and security agent.

In 1996, AT&T Corporation (AT&T) closed the sale of its equipment finance and leasing subsidiary, AT&T Capital Corporation (AT&T Capital), to management and Hercules Holding (Cayman) Limited, which is owned by a group of companies led by GRS Holding Company. The acquisition, which closed on October 1 1996, was followed , two weeks later, by the issue of approximately US$3.2 billion of equipment-lease-backed-notes ('the notes'), approximately US$1.2 billion of which was used to finance the acquisition.

The Intergovernmental Conference, which had the task of reviewing the Maastricht Treaty, reached an agreement on a draft Treaty at the Amsterdam European Council on June 16 and 17. The draft Treaty is due to be signed in October 1997, at Amsterdam.

CITIC Pacific has sold its 8% stake in HongKong Telecom to China Everbright, a small business backed by China's state council, for HK$11.39 billion (US$1.47 billion).

• Robert Kimmitt, who in some of his previous incarnations has been managing director of Lehman Brothers, US ambassador to Germany, under-secretary of state for political affairs and general counsel of the US Treasury Department, joined Wilmer Cutler & Pickering as a partner on May 1. He will practise in the firm's corporate and international groups, in the Washington DC office. The firm has also added Leon Greenfield, Charles Mendels and Brian Menkes as counsel.

Brazil’s unsatisfactory arbitration law has been updated to make this form of dispute resolution more attractive. By Walter Douglas Stuber and Noemia Mayumi Fukugauti of Amaro, Stuber e Advogados Associados, São Paulo