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As these loans become ever more popular in Europe, capital providers need enhanced creditor protections to manage any potential downside

Updating the legal framework in Central America will help guarantee data confidentiality. But in order for companies to face growing vulnerabilities and risks, any internal policies or regulations that they establish must be complemented with appropriate technology. In El Salvador and the rest of the region, companies are rethinking their security strategies, including controls, policies, work regulations and internal processes. These new security measures are driven by the evolution of technology, IT security incidents and industry growth.

There has been a continuing shift in the Philippine intellectual property (IP) landscape, beginning with the passage of the Intellectual Property Code (IP Code) in 1997. Coming into effect in 1998, the IP Code resulted in the harmonisation of Philippine IP laws with international standards. In 2014, due to the strengthening of IP enforcement activities, the Philippines was removed from the USTR Special 301 Report, a yearly report released by the US which assesses the level of IP rights protection and enforcement provided by countries with which it has commercial activity. The fact that the Philippines has remained outside the watch list for four years now proves its commitment to sustaining its intellectual property reform. Now, the government's objective is to develop IP as a catalyst for economic development.

The Mexico City Airport Trust (Nafin) has issued a $4 billion green bond to finance a new international airport in Mexico City. The largest green bond ever to be issued worldwide, it is backed by a securitisation drawing from passenger charges at the existing Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez and the planned replacement airport once it becomes operative.

China is burying itself under a mountain of debt

The US Federal Reserve has aligned its latest rules for a number of G-Sibs’ contractual requirements to the resolution regimes applicable to these entities

The new Investment Services and Activities and Regulated Markets Law 87(I)/2017 (the IS Law), which implements the revised EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (Mifid II) in Cyprus, will enter into force on January 3 2018. In preparation, the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) has issued guidance to regulated entities advising them of the more rigorous product governance requirements which will apply under the new law. The product governance requirements under Mifid II are set out in articles 17(3) and 25(2) of the IS Law, chapter III of Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593 and European Securities and Markets Authority (Esma) guidelines document Esma35-43/620.

This is a continuation of the update in last month's briefing. The exchange of information by the Macau SAR under Law 5/2017 can finally occur at the authorities' own initiative, irrespective of any request received from a foreign country that is a contracting party to an international agreement or convention on double taxation or on prevention of tax evasion.

On September 20 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) issued decision 3610A/QD-BCT announcing a plan to remove 675 business and investment conditions from the 1,216 existing conditions under its management for the 2017 to 2018 period. This is the MOIT's first move in response to the government's recent call for a comprehensive review and removal of unnecessary business conditions which restrain foreign investment and reduce national competitiveness. Since its issuance, decision 3610A has made headlines due to its unprecedented reduction of business conditions in the history of the MOIT.

Ireland is the latest sovereign to successfully launch a zero-coupon bond in the market, with reports pointing to demand 2.5x oversubscribed for the five-year notes.