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Luis Souza Vinicius Sahione On November 4 2015, Brazil's Central Bank published rules for setting up and operating credit unions. These rules are guided by the new legal framework established in August 2015 by the National Monetary Council (CMN), which regulates credit unions.

Daniel Futej Rudolf Sivák An amendment to the act on public procurement came into force on November 1 2015. One of its goals is to make public procurement transparent through the creation of a register (the Register) of beneficial owners – those who take part in public procurement. Public procurement is particularly understood to mean the procurement of goods and services by governmental agencies, municipalities and other authorities that are publicly financed. The Register should allow identification of the real owners (beneficial owners), and not just the ostensible (paper) owners, of entities that participate directly or indirectly in the public procurement process. The Register does not apply to other forms of governmental expenditure, such as state subsidies, transfers of state property, contributions from European funds, or claims made against the government.

Işıl Ökten Erdi Yıldırım Sukuk issuances were regulated under the Communiqué on Lease Certificates and Asset Lease Companies Serial III, number 43 (Former Communiqué) dated April 1 2010, by the Capital Markets Board of Turkey (CMB). Three years later, the CMB published the new Communiqué on Lease Certificates III-61.1 (New Communiqué) dated June 7 2013, which introduced new types of sukuk (lease certificate) issuances.

Bassam Moussa The Egyptian Electricity Law (law number 87) was issued in July 2015 (Electricity Law). Along with its executive regulation, which is expected to be issued before the end of the year, this law will represent the general legal framework for the electricity sector for decades to come. A long awaited reform, the Electricity Law paved the way to transition from a state monopoly into a free market for electricity.

Carlos Fradique-Mendez Alejandro León Quiroga After Colombia gained an investment grade rating in 2012, the offering of foreign securities-related products and services increased substantially. This was accompanied by a consistent intensification of the enforcement efforts on applicable regulations by the Colombian Superintendence of Finance (SFC) in order to control and supervise how the offering of such products and services was being made in Colombia or to Colombian residents. This has resulted in the imposition of sanctions.

Julian M Hashim Jeannie Goon Section 133A of the Companies Act 1965 (Companies Act) explicitly prohibits the provision of financial assistance to persons connected with the directors of a company, including an associated company. Paragraph 8.23 of the Bursa Malaysia Main Market Listing Requirements (MMLR) on the other hand provides that, except as otherwise provided under law and subject to certain pre-conditions, a public listed company or its non-listed subsidiaries may provide financial assistance in the form of advance, guarantee, indemnity or to provide collateral for a debt in favour of its associated company.

In-house counsel in Hong Kong have called for Chinese authorities to provide clarity over the regulatory regimes governing offshore RMB bond issuance.

Huong Thi Thanh Nguyen Vietnam started opening its market for distribution services in 2007, immediately upon its official accession into the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Until 2010, the door for foreign trading companies was fully open for three main trading services, namely: (i) commission agent services, (ii) wholesale trade services, and, (iii) retailing services, except for certain kinds of products that were expressly reserved under Vietnam's WTO commitments as regards services; and the limitation on the permitted number of retail outlets, which was subject to the so-called economic needs test.

Rulemakers in the region want a common regulatory infrastructure rather than simply importing Western regimes

France’s securities regulator has slapped a €5 million fine on the national stock exchange and a high frequency trading firm in relation to market manipulation